Artesia Wells was named after the breathtaking springs that saw it rise to prominence as a farming center. In 1909, the town acquired its post office and its population was 100 people by 1920. However, by the 1930s, the population had shrunk back to 50 people. It rose again to 125 people in 1939 and back to 50 people after the Second World War. It became apparent that the town would not experience growth in its population after most of it was destroyed to pave the way for the construction of Interstate 35. From 1970 to the present, the town's population is estimated at 30 people.
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